hey sapient you had a little error which was the lack of the tag "flammable", i fixed it for you (totally not in the midst of watching this save burn multiple times)
(Just an enthusiast of Chinese history, please send corrections if I got anything wrong)
2) The Chinese Character in the top-right means Tao which translates to 'road' or 'way'. The Tao is the way things are, the way nature... does. According to the first chapter of the Tao Te Ching: "The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao, the name that can be spoken is not the eternal name. The nameless is the origin of Heaven and Earth. The named is the mother of myriad things.."
1) My drawing of the bagua are bad, but continuing with my history lesson. The lines surrounding the yin-yang are called bagua (eight trigrams in English) they represent more aspects of nature. The broken lines are yin, and unbroken lines are yang. The gua at the top represents Heaven, and the gua at the bottom represents Earth. According to Taoist literature, the inventor/observer of the bagua was Fu Xi roughly 4,000 years ago.